Catatan ini diambil dari akaun facebook Sungai Batu 788 BC; The Great Kingdom of Kedah Tua pada tarikh 14 Oktober 2021. Aku simpan di sini bagi memudahkan rujukan.
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According to Prof Wang Gungwu, in webinar this morning, he mentioned about Fujian and Guangdong territory that had a close ties with Southeast Asia in trade and commerce.
This had brought to our attention that northern and southern China speaks different dialect. Usually, the word from Chinese accounts were transliterate into Mandarin, but in reality, probably most of the records made using Fujian and Guangdong dialect. Therefore, the sounds should be different.
For instance, Kedah, 羯茶 sounds 'chieh cha' in Mandarin, but 'kit tah' in Fujian. 'Kit tah sounds close to Kedah compare to 'chieh cha'. Also close to Kataha, a Sanskrit name for Kedah.
In that case, I guess (please correct me if wrong), the Chinese word for places, goods, person, title, state etc, should be transliterate into particular dialect of the person who made the record.
Below, with the help of a friend, Mr Eric Tee, an enthusiast and independent researcher, have listed the words in Fujian (Hokkien), on the right, comparable to Mandarin on the left.
1. Qu-tan Shuvadara (瞿曇修跋陁羅) Chiu Dan Siuvaruolor
2. Ba lo-sha ,Po-luo-suo (婆羅娑) Po lor sa
3. Kan-tuo-li（干陁利）Gan Tuo Li
4. Po-huang (婆皇or媻皇) Por Ong
5. Funan（扶南) Hu Lam
6. Champa（林邑) Chiam Pa
7. Khon-Tien (混填) Khun Tien
8. Ciao Chen-ju（僑陳如）Chiao Chen Ru
9. Mei-Lei-Sha (迷黎車) Bei Lei Chia
10. Simo (悉莫) Shi Bok
11.Funan (扶南) Fu Lam
12. Pan-pan (盤盤) Pua pua
13. Chi-tu (赤土) Chia Tor
14. Tan-tan (丹丹) Tan tan
15. Malaiyiu(末羅瑜) Mo luo iu
16. Zhan pi (占卑) Jiam bi
17. Pa len pang (浡淋邦) Pa lim pang
18. Kha-ling (訶陵) kha ling
19. Jian puzhai (真臘) Chin la
20. Kan-tuo-li (干陀利) kan Tuo li
21. Kha-cha (羯茶) khe teh
22. Dian-sun (典孫) tiam sun
23. Shepo (闍婆) she pot
24.Fa-shin (法顕) Huat Sian
25.Yabathi(耶婆提）Ya Phor Ti
26. Kha-la-tan=訶羅単) Kher Lo Tan
27. Fan-shih-man (范師曼) Huat Shi Man
28. Po-hang (婆皇) Po Ong
29. Po-da (婆達) Po Ta
30. Chieh cha（羯茶) Kit Tah
31. Jiu Gang (Old Port) (旧港) Gu Gang
32. Mulayu (木剌由) Bok La Yiu
33. Chen-la (真臘) Zhen La
34. Zhi(質) chik
35. Chi (質) chik
36. Luo-Yue (羅越) Lor Guat
37. Kha-ling (訶陵国) Her Ling Kok(country)
38. Ko-ko-seng-chih (葛葛僧祇國) Kher Kher Seng Chih Kok
39. Ko-la (箇羅) Ku Lor
40. Ko-ku-lo (哥谷羅) Ku Lor Kok(Country)
41. Ko-lo-she-fen (哥羅舎分) Khor Lor Shia Hun
42. Bun (分) Hun
43. Da-wa-la 堕和羅 Tuo Hor Luo
44. Malayu Shu (末羅瑜州) Ma la yu Jiu
45. Qu-tan’(瞿曇) Khu Tan
46. Li-fu-duo-sai (利富多塞) Li Fu Duo Sat
47. Chi-tu Guo (赤土国) Chia Tor Kok
48. Lin-yi (林邑) Lim Yu
49. She-po Shu (訶羅単治闍婆州) She Luo Shu Jiu
50. Chi-tu(赤土) Chia Tor
51. Fan-Shi-Man (范師曼) Huan Shi Man
We welcome any input from all readers for any inaccuracy. And we also welcome for those who can transliterate into Cantonese. Thanks.
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